August 2025 Indonesian protests

August 2025 Indonesian protests
Part of the 2025 Indonesian protests
Counterclockwise from top left: Student protesting in front of the Jakarta police headquarters Motorcycle taxi drivers protesting in front of the North Sumatra parliament gate The West Java parliament (bottom left) and Grahadi (bottom right) after being torched by protesters
Date	25 August 2025 (2025-08-25) – present
Location	Indonesia, with solidarity protests in Malaysia, Germany, and Australia
Caused by	House of Representatives (DPR) allowance hike Insensitive statements by House of Representatives members Food and education cost rise Mass layoffs Property tax hike Death of Affan Kurniawan by a police tactical vehicle
Goals	Resignation of the police chief Dissolution of DPR Revocation of DPR allowance hike
Methods	Demonstrations Internet activism Student activism Vandalism Riots Arsons Lootings
Status	Ongoing
Concessions	Five DPR members suspended. Evaluation on DPR allowance hike
Parties
Protesters (no centralized authority) Students' unions Labor unions Motorcycle taxi drivers Government National Police Mobile Brigade Corps Civil Order Corps Municipal Police Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Quick Reaction Forces Corps Military Police Corps
Lead figures
No centralized leadership Prabowo Subianto Listyo Sigit Prabowo Agus Subiyanto
Casualties and losses
1 killed At least 2,000 arrested Several injured
6 killed, at least 5 injured

On 25 August 2025, protests began in Indonesia as part of a larger civil unrest that began in early 2025 over economic frustrations and a proposed hike in housing subsidies for members of parliament. The protests, which were largely concentrated around the capital Jakarta, grew in intensity and spread nationwide following the killing of Affan Kurniawan, an online motorcycle taxi (ojek online) driver who was run over by a Brimob police tactical vehicle on 28 August, during a larger violent and excessive crackdown on civil dissent.

Initially, protesters were demanding that the House of Representatives reverse its subsidy schemes and penalize its members who have made insensitive statements, as well as the passing of the Confiscation of Assets Act for lawmakers convicted of corruption. Following the death of Affan, student-led protesters expanded their demands to include a complete and thorough reform of the Indonesian National Police and either the resignation or sacking of the Chief of Police Listyo Sigit Prabowo.

Demonstrations have also taken place in cities outside of Jakarta, with protesters expressing anger for Affan Kurniawan's death and adding local demands such as more equitable development and the release of protesters detained by local police. In several cities such as Makassar and Surabaya, multiple government buildings were torched. Also, houses associated with or belonging to members of parliament were also looted and robbed.

Background

During a break in the 2025 Annual Session of the DPR and DPD RI, several members of parliament were shown dancing to music, which drew mass criticism from netizens amid economic hardship (15 August 2025).

The protests were sparked by a proposed new housing allowance for parliament members. The proposed monthly allowance of Rp 50 million (US$3,057) was ten times the capital's minimum wage (already one of the highest nationwide). The allowance, along with existing food and transportation stipends, angered the general public. The economic frustration was fueled by rising costs for food and education, mass layoffs, and property tax hikes imposed by local governments as a result of central funding cuts.

A BBC Indonesia report calculated that the official income of DPR members is more than Rp 100 million (US$6,062) per month based on the disclosure that DPR members receive a housing allowance of Rp 50 million, and together with salaries and other allowances, their total official income can reach more than Rp 100 million. The Forum Indonesia untuk Transparansi Anggaran (Fitra) NGO contended that the BBC reporting did not take into account the Take-home pay for members of the House of Representatives (DPR), which can reach Rp 230 million (US$13,942.60) per month or around Rp 2.8 billion (US$169,736) per year. This figure comes from the DPR Budget Implementation List (DIPA) data for the 2023–2025 period. The total budget for salaries and allowances for 580 DPR members is expected to reach Rp 1.6 trillion in 2025, an increase compared to previous years (Rp 1.2 trillion in 2023 and Rp 1.8 trillion in 2024). However, Mahfud MD, former Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia and Minister of Law and Human Rights, contradicted the claim that DPR members' salaries would not reach Rp 250 million per month, asserting instead that their total earnings could amount to billions of rupiah each month.

Adding to the growing outrage in the general public were remarks made by certain members of parliament, which were seen as being insensitive and tone deaf to the struggles of ordinary Indonesians. NasDem Party parliament member Nafa Urbach supported the allowance hike, stating that members of the House of Representatives experienced commuting difficulties. She later apologized on social media following public backlash over her statement and pledged her allowance to be given to her constituency. Ahmad Sahroni, deputy chairman of the House of Representative's third commission, described those calling for the dissolution of the parliament as "the dumbest people in the world" and later defended his comments. National Mandate Party parliament member Eko Patrio posted a parody video, which was viewed as mocking public concerns.

Timeline

25 August

On 25 August 2025, protests spread to Medan, North Sumatra. Thousands of students, workers, and ride-hailing drivers joined demonstrations demanding the central government roll back the new tax policies. The demonstration turned violent when police blocked the main access roads to the North Sumatra Regional House of Representatives building. Protesters responded by burning tires and erecting barricades. Security forces deployed riot control units, leading to dozens of injuries on both sides.

27 August

On 27 August, protesters under the command of the Tanjungpura University's student council stormed the West Kalimantan House of Representatives, voicing their opposition to the increase in House of Representatives member allowances. Fifteen protesters were arrested by the provincial police under the guise of resistance and damage to public property. The arrested protesters were released two days later after signing statements promising not to repeat their actions.

28 August

Protests near the parliament complex building, Pejompongan, Central Jakarta

Protests in the Bendungan Hilir, Tanah Abang area

On 28 August, thousands of demonstrators, primarily students, political activists, and labor union members, clashed with police in Jakarta outside the House of Representatives. The protest, led by labor groups like the Coalition of Labor Unions and the Labor Party, began with six major demands, including ending outsourcing, raising minimum wages, halting mass layoffs, and reforming labor taxes. Although the labor protest initially ended peacefully, subsequent demonstration by students escalated into violence.

Tensions rose following attempts by students to climb the parliament's fence and threw objects at the building, prompting police to deploy tear gas and high-pressure water cannons. The clashes spread from the parliament complex to a nearby shopping district and onto a major expressway and railway line, disrupting public transport and causing closures of the Palmerah and Tanah Abang train stations. Police were seen arresting a student in front of Plaza Senayan and Senayan City malls and was heavily denounced by mall visitors, the students were later rescued by mall visitors and security guards in Senayan City that was already guarded with barbed wire.

Outside Jakarta, protests with similar demands also occurred in Gorontalo, Surabaya, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, and Medan. In Banda Aceh, labor representatives met with provincial government officials and demanded the raise of minimum wages, abolition of outsourcing, and the formation of a task force to handle unilateral layoffs.

A mother standing firm in front of riot police on 28 August 2025, in Senayan, became a symbol of resistance.

The civil organization Lokataru Foundation estimated that at least 600 students were arrested in protests at various locations in Indonesia. According to Tempo, students arrested in Jakarta were told to squat walk for five meters before being given packaged rice. Police promised that the arrested students would receive counseling and supervision. In Bogor, police intercepted a total of 197 students who were about to depart to Jakarta for the protests. According to the police, the students were being mobilized and coordinated via a WhatsApp group that demanded them to pay ten thousand rupiahs each to buy spray paint. A letter circulated by the Jakarta Broadcasting Commission urged major media outlets to limit their coverage of the protests, which sparked criticism from several media personalities. The commission's chairman later denied issuing such letter, which was corroborated by the minister of communications and digital Meutya Hafid. Farhan Nuzhadiwansyah, a social media observer, noted the presence of a Cessna plane allegedly owned by the National Agency for Disaster Countermeasure circling Jakarta. The plane was accused of being used to prevent further protests by creating heavy rain via cloud seeding. The agency's chief Suharyanto denied the allegation and stated that the national weather agency, BMKG, had predicted heavy rain beforehand.

The 28 August labor protest resulted in the government agreeing to create a task force to address mass layoffs as well as a government body named Labor Welfare Council. The protests initially died down until the news and image of the killing of a motorcycle taxi driver, Affan Kurniawan, surfaced later at night.

Killing of Affan Kurniawan

Killing of Affan Kurniawan
Part of the 2025 Indonesian protests
Location	Jalan Penjernihan I, Bendungan Hilir, Tanah Abang, Central Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
Coordinates	6°12′6″S 106°48′27″E
Date	28 August 2025 c. 19:00–20:30 Western Indonesian Time (UTC+7)
Attack type	Murder by deliberate collision with a police armored vehicle (vehicular homicide), police brutality
Victim	Affan Kurniawan, online ojek driver
Perpetrators	7 Mobile Brigade Corps members

On the night of 28 August, protesters who remained in the front of the parliament building withdrew to the Angkola Protestant Christian Church in the Pejompongan area after being pushed back by the Mobile Brigade, the police's paramilitary force, using tear gas and rubber bullets. In the midst of the chaos, a Rimueng 4x4 armored vehicle of the Mobile Brigade, which drove through the protesters, ran over and killed a 21-year-old Gojek-partnered motorcycle taxi driver Affan Kurniawan. Videos from various vantage points circulating on social media show the tactical armored vehicle stopping after hitting Affan, but then continued driving after being surrounded by a crowd who tried to beat and throw stones at the car, running over Affan. Affan was immediately taken to Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM), but died soon after. After the incident, mobs also chased the Mobile Brigade tactical armored vehicle through the flyover at Casablanca Street. Protesters soon encircled the Mobile Brigade's headquarters in the Central Jakarta district of Kwitang.

Besides Affan Kurniawan, it was reported that there was another person falling victim to similar circumstances named Moh Umar Amarudin, who was also an online motorcycle taxi driver partnered with Grab. Umar suffered serious injuries, and was initially reported to have died, but this information was eventually confirmed to be incorrect. As of early morning on 29 August 2025, Umar was conscious, although suffering from the heavy injury, and was undergoing intensive care at Pelni Hospital, Palmerah, West Jakarta. Several media outlets reported that the both Umar and Affan were not participants of the demonstration during the incident, instead the two happened to be in the midst of it.

Affan's death sparked strong reactions from a community of online motorcycle taxi drivers alike as well as the wider public, both expressing condolences for his death along with harsh criticism and hate towards the Brimob. His funeral was held on 29 August at Karet Bivak Cemetery, escorted by many motorcycle taxi drivers as means to pay respect and solidarity. The funeral was attended by notable people, including former Jakarta governor Anies Baswedan, chief of Jakarta police Asep Edi Suheri, and entrepreneur Jusuf Hamka. Asep's presence, in particular, was met with intense anger from fellow ojol drivers, who shouted "murderer" and "enemy" as well as throwing water bottles and attempted to breach security to confront him directly as he left the cemetery. Indonesian netizens also expressed disappointment in the already-unpopular police, with the hashtag #PolisiPembunuhRakyat (roughly "#PoliceThePeoplesKiller") became the top trending hashtag on X for the last 24 hours. His death was compared to the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre in China. The incident was captured on video and went viral, igniting outrage and leading to further unrest. In response, a crowd of protesters, including Affan's fellow ojek drivers, gathered at the police's Mobile Brigade headquarters, burning cars and throwing rocks.

On the same night, the Head of the Indonesian National Police's Professional and Security Division, Inspector General Abdul Karim, revealed that they have arrested seven Brimob members involved in the collision that resulted in the death of Affan Kurniawan. As one of the members of the National Police Commission (Kompolnas), he called on the police to be transparent and fair in handling Affan's death and to impose strict sentence on the officers involved. Jakarta police chief Asep Edi Suhari later revealed the names of the seven involved officers: Police Second Inspector M. Rohyani, Police First Constable Danang, Police Second Constable Mardin, Police Chief Patrolman Jana Edi, Police Chief Patrolman Yohanes David, Police Commissioner Cosmas Kaju, and Police Chief Brigadier Rohmat. Two officers were sitting in the front of the vehicle while the other five were in the back. Rohmat, who was identified as the driver, claimed that he was trying to protect his colleagues within the vehicle and feared that stopping would endanger them all. He also cited poor visibility due to smoke and tinted windows despite having used the front spotlights, and an urgency to escape the crowd as he claimed the crowd was attacking with rocks and Molotov cocktails. He drove away assuming that what he was driving over were rocks as the road was "full of rocks". All were found to have violated police ethics and sentenced to a twenty-day special detention, subject to extension for further investigation.

29 August

Protesters burning tires in front of the Jakarta police headquarters, while news reporters observe the protests from the bridge.

Protests continued with demonstrators, mostly from students and motorcycle taxi drivers, demanding accountability for Affan's death. New demonstrations were planned in Jakarta and other Indonesian cities. The All-Indonesia Students' Union called for protests against police brutality, while the Jakarta provincial government pledged to assist with Affan's funeral.

In Tangerang, local police conducted patrols in train stations and toll gates to prevent students from the region joining the protests.

Hundreds of Universitas Indonesia students, as well as those from other universities in the Jakarta region, staged a demonstration outside the national police headquarters, demanding the removal of the police chief. Prior to their departure, the rector of the university briefed the students, stating that the university "never approved protests, but respected democracy".

The All-Indonesia Students' Executive Board also organized a march from FX Sudirman to the Jakarta Metropolitan Police headquarters, protesting the repressive actions of the authorities. Riot police again used tear gas to disperse crowds, which had gathered at the Mobile Brigade headquarters. The protests led to the closure of major roads, and many companies instructed their employees to work from home.

In response to the riots in front of the Mobile Brigade headquarters, Korps Marinir and Kostrad forces were deployed to form barricades between the crowd and Brimob and calm down the protesters. Marine and Kostrad members evacuated eight burned vehicles from the protest site. Kostrad intelligence assistant Brigadier General Muhammad Nas later negotiated with motorcycle taxi drivers, promising to relay their demands to the national police and urged demonstrators not to relocate their protest elsewhere.

The protesters in Jakarta received medical support from the alumni association of the University of Indonesia's medical faculty, which also condemned the mobile brigade's involvement in the death of Affan Kurniawan.

Around 16:00 WIB, there were reports of looting in a shop around the Senen area after police fired tear gas against protesters.

Student protesters had to withdraw from the Jakarta police headquarters due to heavy rain.

Around 17:00 WIB, tensions in protests near the parliament building escalated with firecrackers being thrown into the parliamentary complex and CCTVs near the complex being damaged. An hour later, heavy rain forced a majority of protesters to seek shelter, although some protesters stood their ground.

Protests in Jakarta persisted into the night, with demonstrators breaching a gate near the Secretariat General of the Regional Representative Council (DPD RI) around 20:00 (WIB) Security forces, including Brimob and TNI, responded by pushing the crowd back and establishing physical barriers to replace the damaged gate.

Persons unknown set fire to and looted the Senen Toyota Rangga stations near the Mobile Brigade headquarters in Senen and the Polda Metro Jaya station located in front of Jakarta regional police headquarters, as well as the Senayan Bank Jakarta bus stop near the Gelora Bung Karno Stadium complex. In addition, the Istora Mandiri and Senayan Mastercard MRT stations received serious damage. As a result of the protests, Transjakarta suspended its operations citywide at 22:11 WIB, while MRT Jakarta operated a shortened service from Lebak Bulus to Blok M BCA.

Outside Jakarta

Riot Police pushing protesters back in Medan, 29 August 2025

Protests on the death of Affan Kurniawan also occurred in Banda Aceh, Medan, Surabaya, Surakarta, Pontianak, Makassar, Gorontalo, Palu, Padang, Jambi, Bandung, Cirebon, Indramayu, Tasikmalaya, Purwokerto, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Kudus, Demak, Tuban, Sidoarjo, Malang, Probolinggo, Jember, Banyuwangi, Palangka Raya, Kendari, Manokwari, and Manado.

Banda Aceh

Medan

Padang

Jambi

Pontianak

Makassar

Gorontalo

Palu

Palangka Raya

Kendari

Manokwari

Manado

Kuala Lumpur

class=notpageimage|

Map of Indonesia (outside Java) showing locations where major protests occurred

Jakarta

Bogor

Tangerang

Bandung

Semarang

Kudus

Demak

Pati

Cirebon

Indramayu

Solo

Yogyakarta

Purwokerto

Tasikmalaya

Surabaya

Sidoarjo

Mojokerto

Malang

Probolinggo

Jember

Banyuwangi

Tuban

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Map of Indonesia (Java) showing locations where major protests occurred

In Bandung, West Java, protesters burned the official residence of the MPR and destroyed water barriers. West Java governor Dedi Mulyadi, who tried to calm down the protesters and asked them to not attack Gedung Sate, was rejected as he was accused of trying to "divert the issue". Dedi was nearly attacked but was evacuated by security forces into West Java's parliament building. Three policewomen were injured by rocks, and around 200 protesters sought medical attention, primarily due to tear gas exposure. The ensuing riot resulted in West Java parliament building as well as neighbouring police stations, parts of Gedung Sate, and a restaurant nearby burned down and looted. Vandalism of police signs and stations as well as attacks on police stations also occured in Jatinangor, Sumedang Regency.

Mass protests at the West Java Regional House of Representatives, Bandung. The building later suffered severe damage from fire.

A student medic volunteer for protesters in Bandung, West Java. Many protesters were injured by exposure to tear gas.

In Surakarta, protesters gathered in front of the Brimob battalion headquarters in Manahan, led by online motorcycle taxi drivers and students. Demonstrators and police initially held a joint prayer in solidarity before tensions escalated into a full-fledged clash. Brimob officers attempted to disperse the crowd using tear gas and water cannons. However, the tear gas blew back toward the Brimob unit due to a sudden change in wind direction, causing chaos and forcing them to retreat. The unrest continued into the night and was reportedly infiltrated by provocateurs who vandalized and damaged public facilities. Surakarta's city council (DPRD) building was set on fire by rioters, and ten people would receive treatment for tear gas exposure.

In Surabaya, protesters demanded the release and compensation for all protesters in the previous day as well as the dismissal and legal trial for police members who were involved in the death of Affan Kurniawan. Protesters threw objects and suspected Molotov cocktails at the police, causing a fire to break out on the eastern side of Grahadi and the East Java Provincial Government Office. The fire burned several motorcycles and sent thick black smoke into the air.

As of about 19:31 WIB, protests were still ongoing in Surabaya. Demonstrators, who had been pushed back from Gubernur Suryo Street, dispersed into Basuki Rahmat Street and Pemuda Street, continuing to throw stones at police and setting road barriers ablaze. Fires broke out at two points; in front of Tegalsari police sector and in front of a McDonald's. Police officers, equipped with ballistic shields, maintained their positions. The unrest forced several fast-food outlets like Richeese and McDonald's to close, as well as nearby car dealerships in Basuki Rahmat and the well known Tunjungan Plaza. Traffic in the city center was brought to a standstill, and police continued to fire tear gas to disperse the crowd. The unrest also caused several city bus routes to be rerouted, and eventually stopped entirely before 21:00 WIB with no clear resumption.

In Pontianak, protesters voiced for the rejection of parliament member allowance increase, dismissal of the Pontianak police chief over alleged police brutality in previous protests, demand equitable development across West Kalimantan, push for the ratification of the Asset Seizure Bill, and hold the government accountable for its promise to create job opportunities. Protesters attempted to storm the provincial house of representatives building and burned tires, prompting the police to intervene using tear gas and tactical vehicles to disperse the crowd.

In Makassar, protesters blocked the Trans-Sulawesi Highway by burning waste tires. At night, they burned down the Makassar DPRD complex, including cars and motorcycles that were parked there. The protesters also damaged ATMs near its guardhouse. The incident halted a plenary session and its participants were evacuated from the fire, including Makassar mayor Munafri Arifuddin. Three people were killed and five others were injured in the fire. On the evening of 30 August, another online motorcycle taxi driver in Makassar named Rusdamdiansyah was killed during a demonstration that turned violent in front of the UMI campus in Makassar. The Head of the Makassar Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD), M. Fadli Tahar, previously stated that a victim was found dead after being attacked by a mob in front of the UMI (Islamic University of Makassar) campus. He said the victim was attacked by other demonstrators because they suspected him of being a law enforcement intelligence officer.

In Kendari, protesters broke the Southeast Sulawesi Regional Police building gate while also holding demonstrations around the governor's office and the regional parliament building. The protesters, mainly students from Southeast Sulawesi University and Southeast Sulawesi State Islamic Institute threatened to hold larger demonstration on 1 September before withdrawing.

In Yogyakarta, protesters gathered into the night at the front of the provincial police headquarters. The riots resulted in the police's integrated driving license service building being set alight. The protesters, who initially blocked the road into the police headquarters, made way for Sultan Hamengkubuwono X's car, who visited the compound alongside with his two daughters. The Sultan later met with representatives of the police and army inside the headquarters to discuss the ongoing protests and defuse the tensions.

In Bengkulu, the protest led by students and youth organizations were initially peaceful as 30 representatives from students were allowed to met with the province's parliament members. However, later at noon it turned violent as the protesters pushed back police and tried to remove the building's fence and flag pole decorations. The police responded with tear gas and arrested 7 students who were shortly later released. The protesters dispersed later that day after it starts raining. As the result of the riot, reportedly 10 police personnels, including one with stabbing wound, and dozens of students were injured and treated in nearby hospitals.

30 August

Following Affan Kurniawan's death the previous day, protesters in Jakarta again held demonstrations in front of the Kwitang Mobile Brigade Korps office. The situation escalated as security forces and demonstrators exchanged blows, with protesters throwing bottles, rocks, and even firecrackers. The situation became increasingly tense after that, security officers deliberately turned off the electricity in the area, they fired guns and tear gas, making the demonstrators run backwards.

Protests continued throughout 30 August in Jakarta, Surabaya, Madiun, Cirebon, Mataram, Denpasar, Serang, Pekalongan, and Pontianak.

Demonstrations in front of Kwitang Mobile Brigade Headquarters

On the morning of 30 August, demonstrations continued in Jakarta, but their numbers had substantially decreased by 6:00 WIB. Hundreds of people remained in front of the parliament complex as of 5:00 WIB. Some were seen shouting at the police officers standing guard behind the DPR fence. A number of road users such as taxis and motorbikes carrying vegetable vendors began to pass along Gatot Subroto Street in front of the DPR which had previously been closed by demonstrators. By 14:00 WIB, protesters continued to storm the front of Jakarta's mobile brigade headquarters.

Due to the burning of seven bus stations and the vandalism of many others by rioters, including Polda Metro Jaya, ⁠Senen Toyota Rangga, ⁠Senen Sentral, Senayan Bank Jakarta, and Gerbang Pemuda, Transjakarta suspended operations on all routes on the morning of 30 August. As of 11:30 WIB, some Mikrotrans routes and Corridor 11 (Pulo Gebang–Kampung Melayu) had gradually resumed service. The Istora MRT station was also vandalized, with vending machines and CCTV cameras looted. The Jakarta Regional Government announced that Transjakarta and MRT services will be made free of charge for a week as recovery efforts remain underway.

Protesters began to gather in front of the private residence of member of parliament Ahmad Sahroni in Tanjung Priok at 15:00 WIB despite heavy guard presence in front of the alley. Initially the protesters came to express their dissatisfaction with Sahroni's previous statement. Looting occurred when some protesters destroyed the front gate of Sahroni's house and took luxury goods from inside his residence including a life sized Iron Man statue that was highlighted in most footages. Other looted items reported in social media included pornographic film CDs, Sahroni's school diploma, and an assault rifle along with a photocopy of his firearm license. The Tesla Model X, Porsche 356, First Generation Ford Mustang, and Lexus RZ that belonged to Sahroni were vandalized. Videos from the scene also showed Singapore dollar bills distributed among the crowd. The masses was also heard shouting "Duit rakyat!" ("[this is] the public's money!") when they ejected the luxury goods from his home.

After Sahroni's house was looted, mobs continued to gather at the private residence of Eko Patrio in Setiabudi, South Jakarta, around 22:05 WIB despite heavy security presence. Initially the mobs stayed in front of the residence's gate due to heavy guards and army presence but as the mob volume begin to increase the guards and soldiers let them enter. Since 21:55 WIB, there were reports of the home being looted with a refrigerator, water dispenser, TV, footwear, and carpet being ejected. Aside from Sahroni's house, the NasDem tower and the party's headquarters also become the target of protests demanding the dismissal of Sahroni. By 21:00 WIB, the NasDem Tower was guarded by soldiers following reports of looting at Sahroni's house.

After Eko's, mobs gathered at Uya Kuya's house in Duren Sawit, East Jakarta. It was reported that the mob entered his house after tearing down its fence, while shouting "Hancurkan!" ("destroy it!"), with the house being looted along with his pet cat, broom stick, and clothes rack. Uya Kuya responded that he and his family were doing fine, and has "accepted it, albeit sad that his cat was also looted". Parliamentarian Melly Goeslaw called on protesters to return the cats to their owner.

CCTV footage capturing police brutality done by Brimob on local Warteg in Senen

At around 22:00 WIB, electricity in the neighborhoods around the Mobile Brigade headquarters was cut off. This was followed by a violent dispersal of protesters amid reports of tear gas canisters and rubber bullets being used. Videos spreading on social media showed protesters being clubbed and beaten before being taken away by law enforcement. In the following hours, elements of law enforcement and the military conducted sweeping operations to weed out the remaining protesters in the Kwitang area.

At night, Prabowo held a dialogue with representatives of 16 Islamic mass organizations, including Muhammadiyah, Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI), Dewan Da'wah Islamiyah Indonesia (DDII), al-Irsyad, and Persatuan Islam, at his residence in Hambalang.

A TVOne reporter, identified as Leo Chandra, was reportedly detained and assaulted by police while broadcasting live near a firehouse in Koja, North Jakarta. Video footage circulating on social media appears to show him being forcibly apprehended and struck during the livestream.

Outside Jakarta

In Surabaya, rioting continued into the early hours of 30 August. Hotel Sahid Surabaya, located near Pemuda Street, suffered noticeable damage and looting after protestors were pushed back from Grahadi. Guests reported that around 1:30 WIB, crowds began pelting the hotel's glass lobby with stones, paving bricks, trash bins, and even dismantled traffic signs. Assets from a nearby police station, such as computers and police vests, were looted also, with the station being subsequently burned. One guest recounted that the group appeared to be mostly youths, with some some carrying klewangs, and that crowds chanted "cair, cair" (the Indonesian word for liquidation) as they marched down Monkasel.

Protests resumed in Ahmad Yani Street, where protestors convoyed down the road before converging in front of the East Java Regional Police building. The action also saw coverage amongst social media, where participants livestream to their accounts on location. Multiple events were reported to have been cancelled due to the unrest happening throughout the previous day. The demonstration was spearheaded by the Student Executive Board of Universitas Negeri Surabaya (Unesa), whose members mobilized from Unesa's Ketintang campus and gathered at Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel prior to marching on the Polda Jatim building.

Historic Grahadi State Building in Surabaya, a day after being set ablaze

At noon, East Java governor Khofifah Indar Parawansa distributed basic groceries to passersby, before protests moved back to Grahadi at night. The commander of the Kodam V/Brawijaya branch stepped in to talk with the protesters. Grahadi State Building in Surabaya was set ablaze at 22:00 WIB. The fire began after demonstrators hurled Molotov cocktails and various projectiles at the press room located on the building's west (or left) side, triggering a blaze that rapidly consumed that section and even extended to the roof. Thick plumes of black smoke filled the skyline as parts of the structure were engulfed, including the press room adjacent to Trimurti High School. Simultaneously, pillars and gate pillars were torn down and burned, while chaos intensified as protesters looted interior items such as artworks and other valuables. Surrounding trees also caught fire in the tumult. At 11:06 WIB, the crowds dispersed after several police trucks and cars arrived from the direction of Tunjungan Street, ending the gathering in front of the Grahadi State Building where people had remained until late at night during the blaze. Along the burnt buildings include the official residence of the vice governor, Emil Dardak, in which the residence was also looted by protesters.

Demonstrations in Malang, East Java, escalated into violence, leading to the destruction of 16 police posts. Authorities detained 61 individuals, including 21 minors, with plans to release those not directly involved in the destruction.

In Mataram, the capital of West Nusa Tenggara, protesters torched the provincial parliament complex and looted valuables inside the building. Municipal legislatures were also damaged in Pekalongan, Madiun, and Cirebon, and a regency office was damaged in Banyumas.

Members of parliament from the 11th commission were spotted in Sydney and were confronted by an Indonesian student amidst the demonstrations at home. The student clarified to media that members deliberately avoided students, adding that they had cancelled their trip to the Blue Mountains while the chair of the 11th commission Mukhamad Misbakhun will reportedly participate in the Sydney Marathon. The Indonesian Students Union in Australia (PPIA) condemned the "working" visit by lawmakers. Misbakhun later clarified that he would not be participating in the marathon and returned home on 30 August.

In Palangka Raya, multiple students and youth organizations besieged Central Kalimantan Regional Police HQ and sent an ultimatum to the province's police chief to go out or else they will storm the building. This was ignored, resulting in a riot where several students were injured and hospitalized. The students mentioned that many of the injured were beaten and stepped on by police.

In Kupang, students gathered in front of the East Nusa Tenggara parliament building carrying slogans such as "Bubarkan DPR" (dissolve DPR) and "Polisi Pembunuh" (police are killers). The province's police chief met with the protester's representative and urged them to not block the main street. The protest was held peacefully.

In Majene Regency, the student protest turned into a riot at night, with protesters attempted to set the regency's parliament building on fire with firecrackers and molotov cocktails. The protesters were pushed back after they ran out of molotov cocktails, while the police responded with tear gas. The fire was quickly extinguished, preventing the building from burning down.

In Kediri Regency, East Java, the protest turned into a riot at night resulting in the burning of government buildings and offices. A police station was occupied by the masses. The riot was also followed by mass looting, including at the Bhagawanta Bhari Museum owned by the local government, resulted in theft of many valuable historical artefacts. The regent of Kediri, Hanindhito Himawan, called on the protesters to return the artefacts, stating that looting of the museum was inappropriate.

31 August

At around 1:40 WIB a group of protesters forcibly entered Finance Minister Sri Mulyani's residence in the Mandar area of Bintaro, South Tangerang. The crowd looted valuables from inside the house, including electronics, jewelry, kitchenware, and even a basketball ring, as captured in videos circulating online. Eyewitness accounts reported that the looting was suspiciously well coordinated despite made up of mostly teenagers and looting started after a firework explosion.

Protesters also gathered in front of the private residence of the Speaker of the People's Representative Council, Puan Maharani, in Menteng. Protesters demanded Puan to come out from her residence and meet the protesters although her whereabouts at the time was unknown. According to several of local media, the protesters' attempt to break into Puan's residence was thwarted by police.

At 4:45 WIB, Nafa Urbach's former husband's residence in Bintaro was also looted by protesters. The security guards guarding the residence were outnumbered by the looters. The looting lasted for 15 minutes, with a refrigerator, designer clothes, and TV set being stolen. Protesters mistakenly believed that the residence belonged to Nafa Urbach but instead it was a house rented by her ex-husband Zack Lee.

By morning, the situation outside the DPR complex in Jakarta had notably calmed. Riot police maintained a high level of security presence at the entrance to the DPR building along Gatot Subroto Street, but mass demonstrations appeared to have largely subsided by that time. Cleaning crews and city workers were actively clearing debris from streets affected by the previous unrest, including Senayan, Semanggi, and Kwitang, using over a thousand sanitation personnel, road sweepers, garbage trucks, and utility vehicles to swiftly restore order. Meanwhile, residents resumed their Sunday routines: Car Free Day proceeded as scheduled along Jalan M.H. Thamrin and Jenderal Sudirman.

At 12:10 WIB, President Prabowo Subianto summoned every chairperson of the government coalition parties to the State Palace, including the speaker of the People's Consultative Assembly Ahmad Muzani. The president also summoned the chairpersons of supporting parties including Megawati Sukarnoputri and Speaker of the House of Representatives Puan Maharani. Following this meeting, Prabowo announced that parliamentary fraction leaders have agreed to reverse the housing allowance as well as put a moratorium on foreign work trips. He also claimed, without any concrete evidence, that "there are signs of lawlessness, even elements of treason and terrorism." He also stated that the government will respect freedom of speech as stated in Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Freedom of Public Expressions Act (Law No. 9 of 1998). Prabowo's announcement was soon followed by a press statement by defense minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin, who ordered police and armed forces member to take firm action against looters of officials' homes. At the same moment, vice president Gibran Rakabuming Raka met with representatives of motorcycle taxi drivers.

At around 16:30 WIB, fires and looting were reported at the police explosive ordinance disposal squad (Gegana) headquarters at Jalan Kramat in Central Jakarta. Five people were arrested and nine fire trucks were deployed to extinguish the fire.

The Jakarta Regional Police confirmed a large scale citywide nighttime patrol to prevent further acts of anarchy, on direct orders from the President. This operation will be supported by elements of the military as well as the regional government.

In Mamuju, West Sulawesi, the protest held by students in front of Mamuju Regency and West Sulawesi parliament buildings turned into a riot. The students were seen carrying Indonesian flags tied together with the Straw Hat Pirates' Jolly Roger flag, a recent prominent symbol of Indonesian opposition. The students tried to push back inside the building, which the police responded with tear gas.

1 September

The All-Indonesian Union of Student Council (BEM SI) announced their withdrawal from the protests, citing security concerns.

Reactions

Government officials

A day after Affan's death, President Prabowo Subianto delivered a televised address, which was his first public remarks since the unrest began. In the address, Prabowo lamented and expressed condolences for Affan's death. He pledged the government's support for the victim's family and condemned the police's actions as "excessive". He promised a thorough and transparent investigation, while also urging citizens to remain calm and be wary of "elements that always want to cause unrest and chaos", without providing proof to back this statement. A day after Affan's death, together with defense minister Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin and cabinet secretary Teddy Indra Wijaya, Prabowo visited Affan's parents to deliver condolences directly and gifted them a house in Cileungsi, which was handed over directly by housing minister Maruarar Sirait. Similarly, West Java governor Dedi Mulyadi offered to become a foster parent to Affan's younger sibling, who is still in junior high school, and promised to help the family find a permanent home in Jakarta. In response to the government's stances, stand-up comedian and opposition critic Pandji Pragiwaksono angrily stated that "Indonesians will no longer accept dialogue, we're now angry. You cannot dialogue with someone who is angry". Chairman of the Democratic Party and coordinating minister for infrastructure Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono urged all Democratic Party parliamentarians to control their statements in public.

Minister of State Secretary Prasetyo Hadi delivered similar remarks, urging the protesters not to damage public facilities and assuring that the government had negotiated with labor unions regarding the demands. The national police chief, Listyo Sigit Prabowo, apologized to Affan's family and the motorcycle taxi driver community.

The Governor of Jakarta, Pramono Anung, appealed for restraint and peaceful resolution, and urged school students not to get involved in the protests. He later stated that the provincial government would not revoke the allowance support from students who participate in protests.

Sultan and Governor of Yogyakarta Hamengkubuwono X went to see the demonstration in person and urged both sides to exercise calm. When he arrived in Yogyakarta Provincial Police Headquarters, the Sultan, accompanied by two of his daughters and members of the provincial government called representatives from the protesters to come inside to discuss mitigation of violence while the Sultan was seen seriously listening to the protesters' demands. The Sultan expresses his condolences on Affan Kurniawan and reminded the protesters to exercise their freedom of speech without violence. He also urge protesters to stay calm and not be fueled by provocation and told the police to ensure transparency in due process. The Sultan also commented that public officials should refrain from flaunting their wealth and to behave themselves.

On 29 August, Vice President Gibran Rakabuming Raka visited victims of the 28 August demonstrations in Jakarta. He went to RS Pelni and RSCM hospitals to meet with the injured, including Umar Amarudin, an online motorcycle taxi driver from Sukabumi who was reportedly assaulted by security forces. During his visits, Gibran offered encouragement and emphasized the importance of rest for recovery.

Former deputy foreign minister Dino Patti Djalal urged Prabowo to cancel his planned visit to China in light of the situation, urging him to delegate his presence to foreign minister Sugiono. Prabowo has since cancelled his invitation to the 2025 China Victory Day Parade and has also considered canceling his attendance at the 80th session of the United Nations General Assembly. Foreign Minister Sugiono attended the 2025 Shanghai Cooperation Organization Tianjin Summit in Prabowo's stead.

On the afternoon of 30 August, President Prabowo Subianto summoned armed forces commander Agus Subiyanto and national police chief Listyo Sigit Prabowo to evaluate the security situation. The president directed the armed forces and police to take firm action against protesters. Not long after, Listyo Sigit Prabowo authorized the use of rubber bullets and non-lethal weapons on "anarchists" entering police bases and dormitories.

On 31 August, Prabowo summoned leaders of all political parties to the State Palace, followed up by a cabinet meeting. Around the same time, Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs Airlangga Hartarto denied reports that Finance Minister Sri Mulyani had resigned from the cabinet, mentioning that she was present at the cabinet meeting. On the same day, several cabinet members, including Coordinating Minister for Food Affairs Zulkifli Hasan, Minister for the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers Abdul Kadir Karding, and Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Sakti Wahyu Trenggono announced their support for Prabowo on their personal social media accounts. On 1 September, Sri Mulyani gave her statement after her house was ransacked, saying her apologies and advocated for a "healthy democracy".

House of Representatives

Shortly following the protests, on 29 August Sahroni was dismissed from his position as deputy chairman of the third commission and was assigned as a regular parliamentarian at the first commission. The NasDem Party rejected that the change was a result of his statement, claiming that it was a "regular rotation". After the changes, Sahroni and several parliament members was reported to have left for Singapore. Indonesian internet users criticized Sahroni, calling the alleged escape cowardly and irresponsible, and demanded accountability from him. A photo of Eko Patrio that was seen shopping in a counterfeit goods market in Guangzhou also went viral on X. Political scientist Aisah Putri Budiatri criticized the trips as unnecessary and indulgent, with elements of leisure rather than official duty, and warned that larger and more intense protests could erupt.

Following the sacking of Sahroni's house, Eko Patrio, Uya Kuya and Nafa Urbach offered their apologies and promised that they will do better as parliamentarians. Eko Patrio's apology featured fellow PAN parliamentarian Sigit Purnomo Said who stated that they were both in Jakarta amid viral posts that stated Eko may be in China. However, their apologies were considered too late as protesters also ransacked their houses. Political analyst Hendri Satrio had asked the four members of parliament to resign to appease public anger "if they still love their country". Ahmad Sahroni finally apologizes for his statements but refused to return to Indonesia for his own safety reasons. His apology fell short after as he proceed to blame his neighbors of whom he had helped for the looting. PDI-P member of parliament Rieke Diah Pitaloka reminded fellow members to "watch their tongues", stating they will always face criticisms no matter what they say as it was the risk of the job they swore under oath. She also admitted that many members of the parliament often make controversial statements.

House of Representatives speaker Puan Maharani shared condolences and demanded that the national police chief resolve the matter quickly. Puan also offered a new motorcycle to Affan's father, who also worked as an online taxi driver, a move that was decried as tone deaf. The House of Representatives later clarified that the allowance hike will only be given until October 2025 and claimed that the amount given is far cheaper than giving official residences for members.

Gerindra Party caucus leader and majority leader Budi Djiwandono urged the House of Representatives to reevaluate the allowance hike for members of the parliament. He barred his caucus from going overseas and told members to be present with the people in accordance to Prabowo's instructions as party leader. Following suit, Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle caucus leader Said Abdullah also called for the allowance hike and any other allowances that may damage moral ethics to be cancelled for empathetic and ethical reasons. Golkar caucus leader Sarmuji also agreed with the calls of reevaluation and has reminded Golkar members to refrain themselves from making gestures that may spark more public anger, while Democratic Party caucus leader Edhie Yudhoyono has called for parliamentarians to reflect themselves and agreed to have the allowance reevaluated.

After Ahmad Sahroni and Nafa Urbach's houses were looted by mobs, NasDem Party chairman Surya Paloh announced the suspension of both Sahroni and Urbach's membership in the House of Representatives as a response to public discontent. The suspension will be effective on 1 September. PAN Chairman Zulkifli Hasan released a memo, urging members to not flaunt their wealth and be arrogant. Uya Kuya and Eko Patrio had reportedly resign from the House of Representatives. Deputy Speaker Adies Kadir (Golkar), who had defended the DPR allowance hike, was also suspended from his party and his seat, including the leadership position. Public pressure has now turn towards Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle as calls for Deddy Sitorus to resign mounted due to his offensive statements.

Online taxi companies

Gojek confirmed that Affan was a partner driver and offered condolences and support to his family. Both Gojek and Grab Indonesia updated their social media profiles to display black profile pictures as a sign of mourning. Additionally CEO of Gojek parent company GoTo, Patrick Walujo visited Affan family to express his condolences.

Separately, Grab confirmed that Moh Umar Amarudin is a partner driver and offered condolences to Affan's family.

Foreign response

The protests resulted in stocks and the rupiah declining, prompting Bank Indonesia to announce its readiness to intervene to stabilize the currency. Convera and Bloomberg Intelligence noted that investors were reassessing the risks of social unrest, leading to a short-term selloff.

Following the violent demonstrations, both the United States and Canada issued formal advisories urging their citizens in Indonesia to avoid protest areas. The U.S. Embassy in Jakarta specifically warned Americans to steer clear of demonstrations, particularly those near Mobile Brigade Corps (Brimob) locations. In parallel, Canada released updated travel guidance advising its nationals to exercise heightened caution in Indonesia due to the ongoing protests. Simultaneously, Taiwan and the United Kingdom also issued the same warning for their nationals residing in Indonesia. Australia issued a level 2 travel advisory to Indonesia. Several other nations also issued warnings urging their citizens to exercise caution in Indonesia amid the protests, including Malaysia, Singapore, France, and Japan.

The French football club Olympique de Marseille posted a tribute to Affan and Umar on their official Instagram account, featuring a photo of player Pierre-Emile Højbjerg saluting alongside the victims' names.

Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Ahmad Zahid Hamidi expressed his confidence in the Prabowo government's ability to resolve the unrest in a peaceful manner when he was approached by the media during the 11th Quran Hour 2025 in Masjid Negara and suggested dialogue to return to calm.

Impact

Economy

On 29 August 2025, Indonesia's financial markets experienced significant turmoil due to escalating political protests. The IDX Composite (IHSG) plummeted by 2.27%, marking its steepest decline in over two weeks. Simultaneously, the rupiah weakened by nearly 1% against the U.S. dollar, reaching its lowest point since 1 August at IDR 16,475. In response, Bank Indonesia announced interventions in both domestic and offshore foreign exchange markets to stabilize the rupiah and pledged continued purchases of government bonds. By Saturday, 30 August, the situation showed signs of stabilization. The week saw IHSG soften by 0.36%, ending at 7,830.49, while total market activity surged, daily transaction values increased by 40%, reflecting heightened volatility, yet foreign buying continued to support the market's structural resilience.

Infrastracture

Widespread unrest inflicted extensive damage on Indonesia's public infrastructure and facilities. The Senen Toyota Rangga Transjakarta station was severely burned, leaving the structure inactive and unusable. In Makassar, the local parliament building was set on fire, resulting in three deaths and five injuries, as some individuals became trapped during the blaze. In Senen, looting erupted on the afternoon of 29 August amid intense demonstrations near the Brimob headquarters. Amid a barrage of tear gas and heightened tensions, protesters began ransacking nearby shops, seizing items like wooden tables, computer monitors, metal boxes, folding bicycles, water dispensers, and stainless-steel cabinets before carrying them toward Senen Station. Hotel Sahid Surabaya was damaged amid protest-related chaos. Stones, paving blocks, and trash bins were hurled at the hotel's glass lobby, shattering windows. In total, as of 31 August 2025, 37 local parliament buildings in different regions have been destroyed or damaged.

Due to the damages on toll gates, safety equipment, and CCTVs in toll roads, the state-owned toll road company Jasa Marga announced the temporary closure of seven toll roads for repairs.

Public transport

A Jakarta Inner Ring Road exit near the provincial police building, closed off during the protests

The protests in Jakarta led to significant disruptions in the city's transportation infrastructure. Transjakarta, the capital's primary bus rapid transit system, suspended all operations due to safety concerns stemming from ongoing demonstrations and damaged facilities. Bus stops near the Mobile Brigade headquarters in Senen and the Jakarta police headquarters were set ablaze, rendering several routes inoperative. In response, Transjakarta diverted numerous routes, including BRT, non-BRT, and Mikrotrans services, to mitigate risks and ensure public safety. Jakarta's MRT services were also significantly disrupted. MRT Jakarta implemented a limited service pattern, operating only between Lebak Bulus and Blok M station. This decision was made amidst demonstrations near key stations such as Istora Mandiri and ASEAN, which were temporarily closed. Due to extensive damage to the transportation infrastructure, the Jakarta regional government decided to made Jakarta MRT and Transjakarta free of charge for a week beginning on 30 August.

On 29 August, protests in Surabaya led to several Suroboyo Bus, Wirawiri Suroboyo, and Trans Semanggi Suroboyo routes being rerouted, with several line services ending prematurely at 20:35 WIB. After protests on 30 August, service interruptions for Suroboyo Bus remain in A. Yani as protests continue, and Trans Semanggi Suroboyo was forced to stop prematurely at 21:20 WIB due to protests resuming at Grahadi. Trans Semanggi resumed partial service in the morning of 31 August, bypassing stops affected by the riots near Grahadi.

Shopping malls

The protest affected operations of numerous shopping malls in big cities across Indonesia, mainly in Jakarta and Surabaya which were forced to temporarily shut down or reduce its operating hours in the aftermath of the 28 August violent protests. The malls affected by the protests were:

• Atrium Senen, located near the Mobile Brigade Corps headquarters in Kwitang, was closed on 29 August until further notice due to safety concerns.
• Senayan Park and Lippo Mall Nusantara, both owned by Lippo Group reduced its operational hours to 12:30 WIB due to the malls' close proximity to the MPR/DPR building complex.
• Several staff of luxury boutiques in Plaza Senayan such as Dior, Fendi, Bvlgari, and Louis Vuitton was seen removing the display items from their stores to avoid lootings after the spillover of 28 August protest in nearby MPR/DPR building complex affected the mall.
• Sarinah Jakarta reduced its operating hours to 16:00 WIB and was heavily barricaded after its closure.
• Plaza Surabaya, located in Pemuda Street, was evacuated and was shut down on 16:00 WIB after protests in nearby Gedung Grahadi turned violent.
• Tunjungan Plaza was forced to close its doors on 19:00 WIB after the spillover of the protest in Grahadi reached Tunjungan Street. Additionally Tunjungan Plaza management announced the halt of its operations on 30 August due to safety concerns.
• A small police station within the Ayani Mega Mall complex in Pontianak, West Kalimantan, was set on fire after the demonstration moved from the Digulis Monument near Tanjungpura University to the streets of Ahmad Yani Street.
• Since the morning of 30 August, numerous Indonesian Army Anoa armoured personnel carriers were seen guarding Puri Indah Mall and Mall Taman Anggrek.
• Pakuwon Mall Jogja closed for a day on 30 August, following a demonstration that took place the day before around the mall area.

Additionally, the Indonesian Shopping Mall Management Association (APPBI) Chairman Alphonzus Widjaja urged the government to act wiser to address the developing situation.

Digital rights

Safenet, an Indonesian digital rights watchdog, noted that the phone numbers of civil society leaders organization were distributed as the number of parliament members, leading to spam and threats. Additionally, the watchdog also noted content moderation, feature restrictions, and power outages in protest hubs in Jakarta and Bandung, which hindered information flow, as well as the suspension of the live-streaming features of TikTok and Instagram, which affected both protest documentation and small business operations. Digital disruption was furthered with the suspected arson of optical cable servers in Jakarta. The suspension of TikTok's live-streaming feature was one of the "[voluntary] additional safeguards to keep TikTok a safe and civil space" by the platform, while the government claimed that disinformation was spreading through various social media platforms.

Education

Major universities in Jakarta, Bandung, Yogyakarta, and Surabaya, including the University of Indonesia, Bandung Institute of Technology, and Gadjah Mada University implemented online learning to ensure student safety and maintain academic continuity in the midst of the protests. Similar measures were also implemented for schools in Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, Yogyakarta, and Palembang. The minister of basic education Abdul Mu'ti proposed implementing a nationwide online learning for schools in the vicinity of protest areas following a meeting with president Prabowo.

See also

• Malari incident
• May 1998 riots of Indonesia
• May 2019 Jakarta protests and riots
• 2019 Indonesian protests and riots
• 2019 Papua protests
• Indonesia omnibus law protests
• 2024 Indonesian local election law protests
• 2025 Indonesian protests
  • 2025 Pati demonstrations
  • 2025 Jakarta Fairmont Hotel occupation

Other international protests

• 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre (China) – involved armoured vehicles
• 1992 Los Angeles riots (United States) – caused by police brutality
• Tunisian revolution – caused by death of street vendor, often seen as a catalyst for the wider Arab Spring
• 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests – caused by opposition of an extradition bill
• George Floyd protests (United States) – caused by police brutality which resulted in death
• 2022 Sri Lankan protests – involved storming of officials home
• Kenya Finance Bill protests – caused by opposition of tax increase bill
• July Revolution (Bangladesh) – began as a quota reform movement