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2025 Taiwanese referendum

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Nationwide referendum proposal 21
23 August 2025
Voting systemThe initiative is ratified if votes in favor exceed a quarter of eligible voters (5,000,523) and the number of votes not in favor.
OutcomeFailed due to insufficient votes
Results
Choice
 Votes %
Yes 4,341,432 74.17%
No 1,511,693 25.83%
Valid votes 5,853,125 99.10%
Invalid or blank votes 53,245 0.90%
Total votes 5,906,370 100.00%
Registered voters/turnout 20,002,091 29.53%
Do you agree that the Third Nuclear Power Plant should continue operating, provided that the competent authority confirms there are no safety concerns?[1]
Yes
 
 74.17%
No
 
 25.83%
Proposal failed; votes in favor did not exceed a quarter of eligible voters

A national referendum was held on 23 August 2025 in Taiwan. Backed by the Kuomintang (KMT) and Taiwan People's Party (TPP), the Legislative Yuan considered four referendum proposals. Only one proposal, on the decommissioning of the Maanshan Nuclear Power Plant's second reactor, was approved by the Central Election Commission. The initiative was defeated after the number of votes in favor of the motion fell short of the threshold of a quarter of the eligible voters.

Background

[edit]

In early March 2025, the Kuomintang (KMT) began considering referendum proposals in response to the 2025 Taiwanese mass electoral recall campaigns.[2][3] Topics considered for referenda included capital punishment, which had been subject to a Constitutional Court hearing the previous year, and the use of military courts,[4][5] which President Lai Ching-te suggested reinstating as a result of increased infiltration attempts by China.[6]

On 17 March 2025, the Kuomintang started campaigning for referenda on "opposing the abolition of the death penalty" and "opposing martial law" to be held.[7] Both proposals made it through a second reading without review by a Legislative Yuan committee.[8] After the bills were advanced, the Democratic Progressive Party's (DPP) caucus leader Rosalia Wu stated that the Kuomintang and Taiwan People's Party (TPP) had conducted a "nighttime raid" instead of utilizing proper legislative procedures, and the DPP organized a sit-in within the legislature.[9][10] Shortly thereafter, the Central Election Commission (CEC) stated that the issues needed "collective consideration and review from multiple perspectives".[11] Despite continued protests from Democratic Progressive Party legislators,[12][13] both proposals were formally placed on the Legislative Yuan's agenda for 16 May 2025,[14] and the referendum pertaining to the death penalty was passed without committee review,[15][16] while a vote on the martial law referendum proposal was postponed to the following week.[15]

On 18 April 2025, the Kuomintang and Taiwan People's Party advanced two more referendum proposals to a second legislative reading without review by a Legislative Yuan committee.[17] The first referendum proposal of April 2025, on absentee voting and formally proposed by the TPP, premier Cho Jung-tai described as "completely unfeasible" due to potential manipulation by China.[18] The other referendum proposal considered in April was related to the closure of the Maanshan Nuclear Power Plant's second reactor.[17] On 13 May 2025, the Legislative Yuan voted to allow licenses for active nuclear power plants to be renewed for an additional twenty-year period.[19] President Lai Ching-te opposed passage of the bill, stating that restarting Maanshan's second reactor would require a substantive review process.[20] The reactor was duly disconnected on 17 May 2025.[21] The referendum on restarting Maanshan's second reactor was approved three days after the reactor had fully shut down.[22]

On 23 May 2025, the Kuomintang announced that the referendum proposals on absentee voting and martial law had missed the deadline to be voted on in August.[23]

Scheduling, polling, and pre-referendum debates

[edit]

The Central Election Commission rejected the death penalty referendum proposal on 23 May 2025, and approved the Maanshan Nuclear Power Plant proposal on the same day, formally setting the referendum to be held on 23 August 2025.[24] On 13 June, the Kuomintang and Taiwan People's Party voted to bypass legislative committee review and advanced a proposed administrative lawsuit against the Central Election Commission.[25] On 21 June, the CEC announced that five public forums would be held between 7–15 August.[26] The Legislative Yuan would represent supporters of the referendum, while the Executive Yuan or affiliated agencies would represent opposition to the referendum.[27]

At the first debate on 7 August, Yeh Tsung-kuang, director of National Tsing Hua University's College of Nuclear Science, discussed the potential for power shortages if Maanshan were not reactivated. Taiwan Power Company chairman Tseng Wen-sheng opined that the referendum should not be held yet, because "safety concerns" had not yet been clearly defined or resolved.[28] Although Tseng argued against the referendum during the debate with Yeh, Tseng later expressed support for safety checks to be performed at Maanshan.[29] Deputy executive director Lin Tze-luen of the Office of Energy and Carbon Reduction, a division of the Climate Change Administration [zh] under the Ministry of Environment, faced legislator Weng Hsiao-ling on 9 August. Lin discussed issues with nuclear waste disposal and advocated for the increased use of renewable energy instead of relying on nuclear power plants such as Maanshan. In response, Weng stated that renewable energy sources were more expensive, and said that the current methods of power generation in Taiwan, primarily the burning of coal, were causing air pollution that led to increased health risks.[30] On 11 August, the debate between Green Party Taiwan co-convenor Kan Chung-wei [zh] and Huang Shih-hsiu [zh] of the Nuclear Myth Busters [zh] focused on Maanshan's infrastructure and earthquake preparedness.[31] Anti-nuclear activist Wu Ya-hsin continued discussing earthquake-related risks in the fourth debate on 13 August by drawing comparisons to the Fukushima nuclear accident,[32][33] while Taiwan People's Party chair Huang Kuo-chang pointed out that several surveys had shown Taiwanese were supportive of nuclear power.[34] Huang additionally commented that nuclear waste could be neutralized via deep borehole disposal.[32][33]

In early July, Green Party Taiwan and Pingtung County residents separately protested against the potential reactivation of Maanshan.[35][36] On 4 August, the Wild at Heart Legal Defense Association hosted a press conference at the Legislative Yuan featuring He Li-wei, a member of Pingtung County's Oversight Nuclear Safety Commission, public health academic Hsieh Wan-hua, and a former Taiwan Power Company employee who had worked at the Jinshan and Kuosheng power plants, each of whom opposed reactivation of Maanshan.[37] On 13 August President Lai, speaking in his capacity as chairman of the Democratic Progressive Party in a meeting with DPP Central Standing Committee members, advised people to vote against the referendum.[38] On 16 August, the Taiwan Environmental Protection Union protested the potential reactivation of Maanshan, and were joined by approximately 300 people representing the Taiwan Society North, World United Formosans for Independence, Green Party Taiwan and the New Power Party. The protesters walked from National Taiwan University through Liberty Square to the Legislative Yuan Building.[39] On 19 August, a group of 533 academics signed an open letter calling on voters to oppose the referendum.[40] Chou Chun-mi, the Pingtung County Magistrate, addressed a protest in Pingtung City on 20 August organized by local agricultural, fisheries and tourism organizations, and supported their call to vote against the referendum.[41]

On 1 August, the Nuclear Safety Commission proposed amendments to the Regulations on the Application for an Operating License of Nuclear Reactor Facilities for public commentary. The proposed license renewal application process requires submission of a reactivation plan, a radiation assessment, and earthquake safety reports.[42] A poll conducted by the Taiwanese Public Opinion Foundation [zh] in early August used the same phrasing as the referendum question, and found that 38.7% of people "completely agreed" with the referendum as proposed, 27.7% "somewhat agreed", 11.7% “somewhat disagreed” and 10.4% “completely disagreed". Respondents who identified as supporters of the Democratic Progressive Party were split 46% to 45% in favor of restarting Maanshan, while people who backed the Kuomintang and Taiwan People's Party supported the proposed restart by majorities of 87% and 93% respectively.[43]

Results

[edit]
Results
Votes ％ % Electorate
Electorate 20,002,091 100.00%
Threshold 5,000,523 25%
In favor 4,341,432 74.17 21.70
Against 1,511,693 25.83 7.56
Vaild votes 5,853,125 99.10 29.26
Invalid votes 53,245 0.90 0.27
Total votes 5,906,370 100.00 29.53
Outcome Failed

According to Article 29 of the Referendum Act, a referendum is passed if the valid ballots in favor exceed the ballots against, and the valid ballots in favor exceeds 25% of the eligible electorate.[44][45] The Central Election Commission determined that there were 20,002,091 eligible voters, and 5,000,523 yes votes must be cast for the referendum result to be binding.[46] Polls were open from 8:00 to 16:00 on 23 August 2025.[47] The Central Election Commission reported that voter turnout reached 29.53%. Of the votes cast, 4.34 million or 21.7% of people voted yes, and 1.51 million or 7.5% voted no.[48][49] Political scientist Su Tzu-chiao of Soochow University attributed the turnout to the contested nature of the referendum question, and additionally to voter fatigue, as the first round of the 2025 Taiwanese recall votes had taken place in the previous month.[50] Although the referendum failed, President Lai acknowledged that the result showed that Taiwanese sought "diversified energy options".[51] Lai indicated that he would consider exploring nuclear power options that reduced waste and increased safety.[52] Japanese political scientist Yoshiyuki Ogasawara [ja] observed that the decade-long advantage which helped the DPP win presidential elections in 2016, 2020, and 2024, as well as legislative majorities in 2016 and 2020, had ended.[53]

Results by administrative subdivision

[edit]
Regions Electorate In favor Against Valid votes Invalid votes Total Turnout
(%)
Tally Percent
of electorate 		Differences
from threshold 		Tally Percent
of valid votes 		Differences
from in favor
Taipei City 2,087,808 475,403 22.77% −46,549 150,152 24.00% −325,251 625,555 4,330 629,885 30.17%
New Taipei City 3,501,235 777,046 22.19% −98,263 262,784 25.27% −514,262 1,039,830 8,083 1,047,913 29.93%
Taoyuan City 1,971,813 429,306 21.77% −63,648 98,886 18.72% −330,420 528,192 4,022 532,214 26.99%
Taichung City 2,416,540 645,486 26.71% +41,351 212,952 24.81% −432,534 858,438 11,142 869,580 35.98%
Tainan City 1,600,962 281,553 17.59% −118,688 141,687 33.48% −139,866 423,240 3,001 426,241 26.62%
Kaohsiung City 2,358,186 423,651 17.97% −165,896 229,579 35.15% −194,072 653,230 3,768 656,998 27.86%
Hsinchu County 488,509 149,516 30.61% +27,388 36,135 19.46% −113,381 185,651 2,639 188,290 38.54%
Miaoli County 457,783 113,477 24.79% −969 17,612 13.44% −95,865 131,089 1,457 132,546 28.95%
Changhua County 1,042,775 222,117 21.30% −38,577 56,089 20.16% −166,028 278,206 2,943 281,149 26.96%
Nantou county 410,405 136,907 33.36% +34,305 53,895 28.25% −83,012 190,802 3,712 194,514 47.40%
Yunlin County 567,994 98,165 17.28% −43,834 29,429 23.06% −68,736 127,594 1,104 128,698 22.66%
Chiayi County 424,950 71,315 16.78% −34,920 27,545 27.86% −43,770 98,860 722 99,582 23.43%
Pingtung County 688,202 120,720 17.54% −51,331 90,460 42.84% −30,260 211,180 2,186 213,366 31.00%
Yilan County 388,906 62,075 15.96% −35,152 26,003 29.52% −36,072 88,078 715 88,793 9.04%
Hualien County 271,519 63,040 23.22% −4,840 9,956 13.64% −53,084 72,996 833 73,829 27.19%
Taitung County 181,146 37,858 20.90% −7,429 7,191 15.96% −30,667 45,049 449 45,498 25.12%
Penghu County 94,412 13,180 13.96% −10,423 4,012 23.34% −9,168 17,192 143 17,335 18.36%
Kinmen County 125,917 14,524 11.53% −16,956 893 5.79% −13,631 15,417 176 15,593 12.38%
Lienchiang County 11,944 2,129 17.82% −857 136 6.00% −2,097 2,265 32 2,297 19.23%
Keelung City 318,691 70,703 22.19% −8,970 17,895 20.20% −52,808 88,598 660 89,258 28.01%
Hsinchu City 370,898 89,585 24.15% −3,140 21,123 19.08% −68,462 110,708 757 111,465 30.05%
Chiayi City 221,496 43,674 19.72% −11,700 17,279 28.35% −26,395 60,953 371 61,324 27.69%

References

[edit]
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